Saturday, August 1, 2015

On meanings and knowledge that the Qur'an contains

بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

My Dear Readers,


السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

As-salaamu alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. (May the Peace, Mercy and Blessings of Allah be upon you)
  
بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ نَسْتَعِينُهُ وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ وَنَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ شُرُورِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَسَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا مَنْ يَهْدِهِ اللَّهُ فَلاَ مُضِلَّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ هَادِيَ لَهُ
وَأَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ
(See Note below)


On meanings and knowledge(sciences) Al-Qur'an contains

In his book,  كتاب التسهيل لعلوم التنزيل The Book Which makes the Sciences of Revelation Easy,    Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad Ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi (  ابن جزي الكلبي الغرناطي), summarizes seven kinds of meaning/knowledge found in the Qur'an. And this can serve as a heuristic tool for students of exegesis.  We will present the Arabic text first, and then its translation:


 فاعلم أن معاني القرآن سبعة وهي: علم الربوبية، والنبوة، والمعاد، والأحكام، والوعد، والوعيد، والقصص

Know that there are seven (range of) meanings in Qur’an, which are:  knowledge of
Lordship, of Prophethood, of the Hereafter, of Rulings, of Promise [of rewards], of Warnings [of punishments], and of Stories.


فأما علم الربوبية فمنه إثبات وجود الباري جلّ جلاله، والاستدلال عليه بمخلوقاته، فكل ما جاء في القرآن من التنبيه على المخلوقات، والاعتبار في خلقة الأرض والسموات والحيوان والنبات والريح والأمطار والشمس والقمر والليل والنهار وغير ذلك من الموجودات، فهو دليل على خالقه، ومنه إثبات الوحدانية، والرد على المشركين، والتعريف بصفات الله من الحياة والعلم والقدرة والإرادة والسمع والبصر وغير ذلك من أسمائه وصفاته، والتنزيه عما لا يليق به،

As for knowledge of Lordship (علم الربوبية ), it includes establishing the existence of the Maker (جلّ جلاله majestic is His majesty), and seeking to prove using His creations (as proof), and everything in the Qur'an that draws attention to the creations, talking about creation of the earth, the heavens, animals, plants, the wind and rains, the sun and moon, the night and the day, and other creations, each one of them is a proof of its Creator. 

There is affirmation of the Oneness, and refutation of the people of polytheism, and identification of the attributes of Allah: life, knowledge, will, power, hearing, seeing and His other names and attributes. 

Additionally, there are ayat that help cleanse (the concept of the Divine) from anything not befitting Him. 


 وأما النبوة فإثبات نبوة الأنبياء عليهم السلام على العموم، ونبوة محمد صلّى الله عليه وسلّم على الخصوص، وإثبات الكتب التي أنزلها الله عليهم، ووجود الملائكة الذين كان منهم وسائط بين الله وبينهم، والرد على من كفر بشيء من ذلك، وينخرط في سلك هذا ما ورد في القرآن من تأنيس النبي صلّى الله عليه وسلّم وكرامته والثناء عليه وسائر الانبياء صلى الله عليه وعليهم أجمعين




As for Prophet-hood (النبوة), then there is the affirmation of the prophet-hood of the Prophets, peace be upon them and particularly that of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. 

There is affirmation of the Books which Allah revealed (to the prophets), the existence of the angels among whom there are those who are mediums between Allah and them, and there is refutation of whoever disbelieved anything from that. 

Also this category includes those ayat of the Qur’an that are consoling the Prophet ﷺ honouring him and praising him, together with the rest of the prophets, may Allah bless him and them all and grant them peace.


 وأما المعاد فإثبات الحشر، وإقامة البراهين، والرد على من خالف فيه وذكر ما في الدار الآخرة من الجنة والنار والحساب والميزان وصحائف الأعمال وكثرة الأهوال ونحو ذلك.
As for the Hereafter, then there is affirmation of the Gathering (الحشر), establishment of the proofs, and refutation of whoever disagrees with the idea, and a mention of that which is in the abode of the next-life , such as the Garden and the Fire, the Reckoning (الحساب) and the Weighing (الميزان), the book of deeds, the awe of the event, and the like.

وأما الأحكام فهي الأوامر والنواهي، وتنقسم خمسة أنواع: واجب ومندوب وحرام ومكروه ومباح، ومنها ما يتعلق بالأبدان كالصلاة والصيام وما يتعلق بالأموال كالزكاة، وما يتعلق بالقلوب كالإخلاص والخوف والرجاء وغير ذلك

As for Rulings( الأحكام), they are commands and prohibitions, which are divided into five
types: obligatory (
واجب), recommended (مندوب ), forbidden (حرام ), disliked(مكروه) and permitted (مباح). Of them there  are those which is connected to the body such as the prayers (
لصلاة) and the fast; that which is connected to property such as the poor-due (الزكاة); and that which is connected to matters of the hearts such as sincerity, fear and hope, etc.


 وأما الوعد فمنه وعد بخير الدنيا من النصر والظهور وغير ذلك، ومنه وعد بخير الآخرة وهو الأكثر كأوصاف الجنة ونعيمها

As for the Promise (الوعد), of it there is the promise [to the believers] of the best of this world such as Divine help and victory and the like. And of it there is the promise of the best of the life to come,
and  that is more oft-mentioned (in the Qur’an as compared to that in this world), such as the description of the Garden and its bliss.


 وأما الوعيد فمنه تخويف بالعقاب في الدنيا، ومنه تخويف بالعقاب في الآخرة، وهو الأكثر كأوصاف جهنم وعذابها وأوصاف القيامة وأهوالها، وتأمل القرآن تجد الوعد مقروناً بالوعيد قد ذكر أحدهما على أثر ذكر الآخر؛ ليجمع بين الترغيب والترهيب، وليتبين أحدهما بالآخر كما قيل «بضدها تتبين الأشياء».

As for the Warning (الوعيد), of it there is the creation of awareness about punishment in the world and of the next-life,  that is more oft-mentioned (in the Qur’an as compared to that in this world), such as the descriptions of hell and its torment, and the descriptions of the Resurrection. In the Qur’an you would often find promise paired with a warning, mentioned immediately after the other, in order to unite the awakening of longing with the awakening of fear, and so that one will become distinct from the other, as it is said, “By their opposites, things become clear.”


وأما القصص فهو ذكر أخبار الأنبياء المتقدمين وغيرهم كقصة أصحاب الكهف وذي القرنين، فإن قيل: ما الحكمة في تكرار قصص الأنبياء في القرآن؟ فالجواب من ثلاثة أوجه: الأول: أنه ربما ذكر في سورة من أخبار الأنبياء ما لم يذكره في سورة أخرى، ففي كل واحدة منهما فائدة زائدة على الأخرى، الثاني: أنه ذكرت أخبار الأنبياء في مواضع على طريقة الإطناب وفي مواضع على طريقة الإيجاز؛ لتظهر فصاحة القرآن في الطريقتين، الثالث: أن أخبار الأنبياء قصد بذكرها مقاصد فيتعدد ذكرها بتعدد تلك المقاصد، فمن المقاصد بها: إثبات نبوة الأنبياء المتقدمين بذكر ما جرى على أيديهم من المعجزات، وذكر إهلاك من كذبهم بأنواع من المهالك، ومنها إثبات النبوة لمحمد صلّى الله عليه وسلّم لإخباره بتلك الأخبار من غير تعلم من أحد وإلى ذلك الإشارة بقوله تعالى: {مَا كُنْتَ تَعْلَمُهَا أَنْتَ وَلاَ قَوْمُكَ مِنْ قَبْلِ هَذَا} [هود: 49]، ومنها: إثبات الوحدانية  ألا ترى أنه لما ذكر إهلاك الأمم الكافرة قال: {فَمَا أَغْنَتْ عَنْهُمْ آلِهَتُهُمُ الَّتِي يَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ مِنْ شَيْءٍ} [هود: 101]، ومنها: الاعتبار في قدرة الله وشدة عقابه لمن كفر، ومنها تسلية النبي صلّى الله عليه وسلّم عن تكذيب قومه له بالتأسي بمن تقدم من الأنبياء كقوله: {وَلَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ} [الأنعام: 34]، ومنها: تسليته عليه السلام ووعده بالنصر كما نصر الأنبياء الذين من قبله، ومنها: تخويف الكفار بأن يعاقبوا كما عوقب الكفار الذين من قبلهم، إلى غير ذلك مما احتوت عليه أخبار الأنبياء من العجائب والمواعظ واحتجاج الأنبياء وردهم على الكفار وغير ذلك، فلما كانت أخبار الأنبياء تفيد فوائد كثيرة ذكرت في مواضع كثيرة ولكل مقام مقال       

As for the Stories (القصص), they consist of knowledge about the previous prophets and of others, such as the story of the Companions of the Cave (Surah al-Kahf ayat 9-28) and Dhu’l-Qarnayn (Surah al-Kahf ayat 84-99). If it is said, “What is the wisdom in the repetition of the stories of the prophets in the Qur’an?” Then the answer could be three reasons:
  1. First, that He probably mentions information on the prophets in a surah which He does not mention in another surah; 
  2. Second , sometimes the prophets are mentioned in some places in the way of lengthy description and in other places briefly, as part of the eloquence of the Qur’an; 
  3. Third, that He intends mention of the prophets for a multitude of reasons and purposes such as mentioned below:
  • As proof of the prophethood of the previous prophets by mentioning the miracles they brought about, and mentioning the destruction by various means of whoever denied them. 
  • As proof of the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad , “Neither you nor your people knew it before this”(Surah Hud, ayah 49, referring to the story of the Prophet Nuh, peace be upon him, which is narrated in Surah Hud.). 
  • As affirmation of oneness; do you not see that when He mentioned the destruction of the disbelieving nations, “He said, ‘Their gods did not enrich them, those which they called on apart from Allah, in any way.’”(Surah Hud, ayah 101) 
  • As reflection on the power of Allah, and the severity of His punishment for whoever disbelieved. 
  • For comforting of the Prophet  , when his people called him a liar, by finding consolation in whomever of the prophets had preceded him, such as His words, “And certainly messengers were called liars before you.” and his being promised help as the prophets before him had been helped. 
  • For creating awe in the disbelievers in that they will be punished as the disbelievers before them were punished, and so on, of that which the stories of the prophets contain of astonishing things, exhortations and the arguments of the prophets, and their refutation of the disbelievers, etc. 
Since the news of the prophets show many different types of benefit, they are mentioned in many different places, and for every mention there is a teaching.

May Allah guide us, and help us be on the right path.

 والله أعلم   
 Wa Allahu 'Alam (And Allah is the All-Knowing)

Note:

This post starts with the well known opening lines of at least one of Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ sermon. Al-Nisaa’i (May Allah have mercy on him) reported in his Sunan al-Nisaa’i: Kitaab al-Jumu’ah (Click Here) that ‘Abd-Allah ibn Mas’ud (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet Muhammadﷺ taught us the Khutbah Haajah .




Wednesday, January 7, 2015

Five types of Knowledge

بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

My Dear Readers,


السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

As-salaamu alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. (May the Peace, Mercy and Blessings of Allah be upon you)
  
بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ نَسْتَعِينُهُ وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ وَنَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ شُرُورِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَسَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا مَنْ يَهْدِهِ اللَّهُ فَلاَ مُضِلَّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ هَادِيَ لَهُ
وَأَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ
(See Note below)


Five Types of Knowledge we can derive from Al-Qur'an

In Al-Fauz-Al-Kabir, one of his well-known works on Qur'anic studies, Shah Waliullah Dehlavi, talks about five kinds of knowledge that can be derived from the Qur'an. I have attempted a loose translation here:
  • (علم الأحكام ) Laws and Commandments
The knowledge of the permitted and prohibited, of personal, individual as well as sociopolitical issues and dealings.  This knowledge is the domain of jurists, and reformers.
  •  (علم الجدل ) Discussion and Debates
This knowledge relates to the debates and discourse between Islamic worldview and the worldview of other monotheistic religions, polytheists, skeptics, hypocrites and atheists. This is the realm of mutakallimoon (philosophers) and du'at (proselytizers, missionaries).
  • (علم التذكير بآلاء الله ) Remembrance of Allah
This is knowledge of blessings, signs, and attributes of Allah. Of creation, and other knowledge beneficial for guidance in understanding God.
  • (علم التذكير بأيام الله ) Historical Events
Knowledge of past occurrences from which we can learn, of Prophets and Prophethood, of people who have passed on before us, and what choices they made, and what was the result.
  • (علم التذكير بالموت وما بعد الموت ) Death and Afterlife
The knowledge of what is going to happen at death, and after that. Our journey in the Hereafter, including Resurrection, Judgment etc.



May Allah guide us, and help us be on the right path.

 والله أعلم   
 Wa Allahu 'Alam (And Allah is the All-Knowing)

Note:

This post starts with the well known opening lines of at least one of Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ sermon. Al-Nisaa’i (May Allah have mercy on him) reported in his Sunan al-Nisaa’i: Kitaab al-Jumu’ah (Click Here) that ‘Abd-Allah ibn Mas’ud (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ taught us the Khutbah Haajah .




Starting to read the quran

بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

My Dear Readers,


السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

As-salaamu alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. (May the Peace, Mercy and Blessings of Allah be upon you)
  
بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ نَسْتَعِينُهُ وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ وَنَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ شُرُورِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَسَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا مَنْ يَهْدِهِ اللَّهُ فَلاَ مُضِلَّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ هَادِيَ لَهُ
وَأَشْهَدُ أَنْ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللَّهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ
(See Note below)


Starting to read the Qur'an?

To read any book, there requires a certain discipline and respect. More so when we are talking about the Qur'an, which believing Muslims hold to be the speech of God Almighty.

Let us first look at how the Qur'an itself advises us to read it:

Al-A'raf (The Heights) (7:204)  (audio)


    وَإِذَا قُرِىءَ الْقُرْآنُ فَاسْتَمِعُواْ لَهُ وَأَنصِتُواْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ
 
7:204 Hence, when the Qur'an is recited, hearken unto it, and listen in silence, so that you might be graced with [God's] mercy."

To interpret the Qur'an is not a task that can be done by any ordinary person, it needs a command over a wide variety of subjects, and hence it should not be treated lightly.  And the topic of the post is not how to interpret the Qur'an, but how to begin the journey towards understanding the Qur'an.

To approach the Qur'an in order to understand it and implement it in our lives, the journey starts with the intention and effort in that direction, for Allah promises us in Al-'Ankabut (The Spider)(audio):

وَالَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِينَا لَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْ سُبُلَنَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ

29:69 But as for those who strive in Our cause -We shall most certainly guide them onto paths that lead unto Us:  for, behold, God is indeed with the doers of good

The next step after the intention is the frequent recitation and contemplation about the meaning, as we are urged in the following ayah(audio):
  
أَفَلَا يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْآنَ أَمْ عَلَى قُلُوبٍ أَقْفَالُهَا

47:24 Will they not, then, ponder over this Qur’an? - or are there locks upon their hearts?

In our journey to the Qur'an, we might have come across an argument that poses a quandary, a catch-22 situation if you please:

"You don't have sufficient knowledge to understand the Qur'an" (and you cannot gain this knowledge until you understand the Qur'an).  

Something like when some of us might have experienced applying for our first job, companies would need a minimum experience, and there was no way of gaining experience till you landed your first job.

It is the opinion of the writer of the blog that these are merely hurdles. They should not stop us from our goal of approaching the Qur'an with the intent of understanding it, and applying it in our lives.

A basic step which most of the non-Arabic speaking Muslims would already know is that you should pick up a well-known translation of the language you are most comfortable with. You can check websites like http://www.islamicity.com/quransearch/ .

For those who dare to venture further, you can read a tafsir (plural tafasir) or exegesis. There are lots of them available, translated in English as well for example at http://www.altafsir.com/ .

Translations and exegesis can offer us insights, but they are not the Qur'an. There is a famous anecdote about someone who questioned Al-Suyuti on what is the difference between Qur'an and its tafsir in Arabic? He answered that the difference between the Qur'an and its tafsir is the difference between Allah and His creation, which mildly put means, you cannot compare them.

The best way to learn the Qur'an is to develop a dynamic and ongoing relationship with it. However, bear in mind that starting there, you would have started a process that will never end. Relationship with the Qur'an is something that is to be cultivated till our last conscious breath, and it is never over.

It is recommended that we should start our journey to the Qur'an with a basic understanding of classical or Qur'anic Arabic, to make it easy, as is indicated by the Qur'an itself:(audio):
  
فَإِنَّمَا يَسَّرْنَاهُ بِلِسَانِكَ لِتُبَشِّرَ بِهِ الْمُتَّقِينَ وَتُنذِرَ بِهِ قَوْمًا لُّدًّا

19:97 and only to this end have We made this [divine writ] easy to understand, in thine own tongue, [O Prophet,] so that thou might convey thereby a glad tiding to the God-conscious, and warn thereby those who are given to [futile] contention:

To learn Arabic you can access many good resources, such as http://drvaniya.com/ or  http://www.madinaharabic.com/

Lastly, in order to read the Qur'an, we might want to know that there are four elements of any given text of the Qur'an as we know it:
1. The consonantal text of the Qur'an not including the short vowels , but including the long vowels (ي, ا) (ref). This conforms to  الرسم العُثماني (al-rasm al-uthmani) or the Uthmanic orthography:



2. The second component is the dots or diacritical marks of the Qur'an (الإعجام), which were reportedly added first by Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, to help non-Arabs to read the Qur'an correctly,and were later standardized to its current form by Al-Khalil Al-Farahidi
 

3. The third component is the short vowels (الضبط) :






4. The fourth and last component is the signs for pausing or continuing or in other words punctuation marks (علامات الوقف):

 


May Allah guide us, and help us be on the right path. 

 والله أعلم 
 Wa Allahu 'Alam (And Allah is the All-Knowing) 


Note:

This post starts with the well known opening lines of at least one of Prophet Muhammad's   sermon. Al-Nisaa’i (May Allah have mercy on him) reported in his Sunan al-Nisaa’i: Kitaab al-Jumu’ah (Click Here) that ‘Abd-Allah ibn Mas’ud (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ taught us the Khutbah Haajah .